>> 施 冬，2006，基于GIS 的油气储层评价方法
摘 要
储层作为油气勘探的主要研究对象，随着空间信息技术的迅猛发展和广泛应用，其研究的方法和技术正朝着信息化方向迈进。在近几十年来的油气勘探工作中，各种勘探技术方法获得了飞速的发展和广泛的应用，信息采集的速度和数量以及资料的积累随着工作程度的提高急剧增长，但资料的利用和开发水平却远远低于其累积速度。油气储层评价涉及到地质、测井、地震、开发动态等各类学科，应用资料覆盖面广，数据信息量大、结构类型复杂、数据类型多样，面临如此众多而复杂的信息，如何有效地存储和管理这些信息，从这些信息中挖掘出有用的评价知识，就是当前油气储层评价研究的难点和热点。
地理信息系统（GIS）作为一种有效的技术方法，其软件模式正从“系统与功能”向“服务与应用”的方向发展，对于解决石油系统长期以来在研究方法和技术手段方面存在的问题能够发挥巨大的促进作用。油气储层本身就有其固有的空间特性，储层综合评价需要同时处理这些对象在地下的空间定位信息及其相关的属性信息，其最终目标就是油气有利区优选，涉及与空间位置相关的多因素综合评价研究。多年来，油气储层评价工作一直缺乏一个多学科协同评价的标准且规范的统一平台，不能很好地整合多学科的知识，油气评价工作者长期通过手工或计算机辅助编制各种专题图件来解决储层的空间位置与其相应属性的关联问题，同时评价成果也难以进行可视化表达。而GIS 的优势就是基于位置的多属性处理和分析，它不仅可以为我们提供丰富的空间信息，而且通过其空间分析功能为储层评价提供支持。针对目前通用GIS 存在的分析模拟和推理方面功能较弱的问题，本文着眼于通用GIS 软件平台空间分析功能的扩展，增强储层空间数据的进一步增值应用，以满足油气储层评价研究的需要，实现油气储层评价的可视化与智能化。
论文从分析当前的油气储层评价的难点与热点问题入手，探索基于GIS 的油气储层评价的基本途径和解决方案，明确了基于GIS 的油气储层评价就是利用GIS 的基本功能与“增强”的分析功能完成储层综合评价的过程，其根本的任务就是对GIS 的空间分析功能进行扩展，融合通用GIS 与油气储层评价领域的专家知识，加强储层评价数据的增值应用，以满足油气储层综合评价的需要，实现油气储层评价的一体化和智能化。据此，提出了油气储层GIS 综合评价的体系结构和框架特点，构建了该评价方法的基本框架。阐明了基于GIS 的油气储层评价过程实质上是一个空间决策支持的认知过程，即从数据到信息再到知识的过程。最后提出了本文在基于GIS 的油气储层评价中需要解决的储层综合评价数据集成与管理、储层信息的数据挖掘、储层知识的发现与表达等三个关键技术问题。
在分析了储层多源评价数据的来源、类型及其特点的基础上，对储层评价数据在基于GIS 的油气储层评价中存在的问题进行了剖析；然后提出了储层评价数据的规范化处理内容和方法；最后给出了储层评价数据库的数据模型，分析了储层评价数据库的数据组织结构和数据组织方式。根据数据分层的原则，基于GIS 的储层评价数据库采用文件/数据库混合型数据组织方式（即双文件方式）对储层数据进行组织与管理；提出了基于GIS 储层评价数据库的创建流程。
储层含油性评价、储层非均质性研究和储层的分类评价是油气储层评价的三个主要内容。论文从数据融合与空间数据挖掘角度出发，将油气储层评价领域的专家知识与GIS 的空间分析功能融合扩展GIS 的空间分析功能以解决油气储层综合评价的问题。其本身就是一个空间知识发现和挖掘的过程，实质可归结为基于GIS 的油气储层评价建模问题。本文采用将油气储层评价领域的数学建模方法与GIS 无缝集成的方式在统一的用户界面下对油气储层进行综合评价，实现对储层评价数据的深层次挖掘。文中详细研究了油气储层评价数据挖掘的数学建模方法，构建了基于GIS 的储层含油性灰色评价模型、储层非均质性灰色评价模型、储层分灰色评价模型以及它们的实现流程，为油气储层综合评价提供了一条新的分析途径。
最后以长西油田储层GIS 综合评价为例，采用面向用户的开放、灵活的思想设计和开发策略，在地理信息系统基础软件平台SuperMap Objects 支持下初步设计与开发了一个简单的储层GIS 综合评价系统原型，确立了该系统的体系结构、系统功能设计以及储层评价的流程。储层含油性灰色评价、储层非均质性灰色研究、储层分类灰色评价等三个核心子模块是油气储层评价领域的数学建模方法与GIS 的高度融合，是基于GIS 的油气储层评价的具体实现，其分析结果的可视化表达由GIS 的基本功能模块来完成。将油气储层GIS 综合评价的研究思路和方法应用于长西油田侏罗系储层综合评价，指出了该研究区的有利的油气聚集区，较好地验证了本文提出的研究方法的有效性和可行性。通过综合储层含油性、非均质性、分类研究的GIS 分析结果，研究认为：长西油田侏罗系储层性质受构造控制，储集性好的储层在区域上大多属于一个有利的鼻状隆起；且与沉积微相的展布密切相关，在河道主体部位的储层其储集性一般都较好，而在河道侧缘和河道之间的泛滥平原沉积区，泥质含量增加，孔渗性变差，储层的储集性也变差；储层优劣与主砂带的分布也有关，砂层厚度越大，储集性越好。最后将研究区目的层位侏罗系延9、延10 储层划分了三类有利区——Ⅰ类有利区、Ⅱ类有利区、Ⅲ类有利区。优选出Ⅰ类有利区块5 个、Ⅱ类有利区3 个，其余为Ⅲ类有利区。5 个Ⅰ类有利区累计预测含油面积为21.7km2，初步预测地质储量1080×104t。
关键词：
地理信息系统；油气储层评价；空间分析；空间数据挖掘；决策知识表达
Abstract
With the great development and wide application of spatial informational echnologies,methods and technologies of reservoir which is a mainly object in hydrocarbon exploration are striding forward in the informational direction. Through many years oil-gas exploration,rapid development and wide application are obtained at many kinds of technologies and methods. The speed and quantity of information collection and accumulation of data go up rapidly with accumulating over a long period. But using level of the data is lower than its piling rate. The reservoir evaluation relate to kinds of subject including geology, well logging, seism and exploiting dynamic data. Application data has wide overlap. Data information size is great. Data type is complex and multiplicity. In face of legion and complex information, How to available store and manage these data, mining usage evaluation knowledge from the data is currently nodus and hotspot of the ydrocarbon reservoir evaluation.
Geographical Information System（GIS） is an availability technology and method, its pattern of software is striding forward to “serve and application” from “system and function”. It can exert great promote action at the aspect of settling problem on research method and technical means in petroleum system for a long time. Reservoir has inherent spatial characteristic. Reservoir synthetical evaluation need deal with their locating data and correlating attribute data at the same time. Screening favorable area of oil-gas is finally aim of reservoir evaluation, relating to all kinds of factors correlating to spatial position. For many years, Oil-gas Reservoir evaluation is all along short of a unite flatform that can cooperate with many subjects, knowledge of multi-disciplinary can’t conform well. Oil-gas explorers manually or compute-aided drafted various thematic maps that served to solve association the spatial location of what is being processed with its related attributes, the evaluation results is difficult to visual expression. GIS has the predominance of location-based multi-attribute processing and spatial analysis. Abundance spatial information can be afforded and reservoir evaluation is sustained by its spatial analyzed.Aimed the problem of weak simulation and consequence, This paper put the emphases on expanding spatial analysis function of common software platform, building up increment application of reservoir spatial data, so as to meet the demands of reservoir evaluation andrealize visualization and intelligentization of oil-gas reservoir evaluation.
At the start of the currently nodus and hotspots of the hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation, basic approaches and solution schemes of evaluation are explored. It is clear that hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation method based on GIS is process that using basic function of GIS and strengthen analyze function bring to success of evaluation. Its ultimate task is expanding spatial analyze function of GIS, enhancing increment application of evaluation data, meeting needs of evaluation, realizing integrated and intelligent evaluation. Hereby, system constitution and its characteristics of evaluation are put forward. The basic frame of evaluation method is built. It is clarified that the process of evaluation is a cognized course of spatial decision support in fact. Viz., it is a process from data to information and to knowledge. At last, three pivotal problems in research on reservoir assessment with GIS need to be settled that evaluation data is integrated and managed, data mining and visual expression are put forward.
On the basis of analyze of the reservoir evaluation multidisciplinary data’s origin, type and characteristic, existing problems in the process of GIS-based reservoir evaluation are taken apart. And then standardization disposal content and method of the data are put forward. Finally, the data model of evaluation database is given. Organized structure and manner of the data in the evaluation database are analyzed. According to the principle of data bed, the mixture organizing manner method of document and database in database of the GIS-based reservoir evaluation is adopted, managing system data by way of double files. Using this manner organize and manage data of reservoir. Establishing step of the database is stated.
Oiliness evaluation of reservoir, heterogeneity study on reservoir and classified evaluation are three main contents of the reservoir synthesize evaluation. At the start of spatial data amalgamation and data mining, the problem of reservoir synthesize evaluation is settled by expanding spatial analysis function of GIS using amalgamation GIS with expert knowledge in the field of oil-gas reservoir evaluation. It is a process of spatial knowledge discovery and data mining. It sums up a modeling problem of the GIS-based reservoir evaluation. The integration of GIS with mathematic modeling methods of the reservoir synthesize evaluation evaluates reservoir under the unite user interface in this paper, realizing deeply mining to the reservoir data. In this dissertation, mathematic modeling methods of the reservoir evaluation is studied. GIS-based Grey reservoir oiliness evaluation model, heterogeneity evaluation model, classified evaluation model and their implementation flow are built. A new analysis approach of reservoir synthesize evaluation is provided.
Finally, taking example for the GIS-based reservoir synthesize evaluation in Chang Xi oilfield, using user-oriented, opening, flexible programming methods, making use of SuperMap Objects component GIS, a simple the GIS-based reservoir synthesize evaluation prototype is principle designed and exploited. The system structure, function design and evaluation are established. The three core subprograms that are Oiliness grey evaluation, heterogeneity grey study on reservoir and classified grey evaluation is the integration of GIS with mathematic modeling methods of the reservoir synthesize evaluation, concretely realization of the GIS-based reservoir synthesize evaluation. The basic function module of GIS can visual express the results of evaluation. The dissertation applies the research thinking and methods of the GIS-based reservoir synthesize evaluation to the Jurassic reservoir evaluation in Chang Xi oilfield. The optimal oil-gas accumulation area is found. It validates the validity and feasibility of the method presented in the paper. The research results indicate that the qualities of the Jurassic reservoir are dominated by construction. Good reservoirs lie to an advantaged nose protrusion, nearly relating to the distribution of sedimentary micro-facies. The reservoir that lies on the main position in the riverway has better gathering characters. Because argillaceous content is increase and the porosity and permeability became smaller, the character of the reservoir becomes bad in the flood plain area that lies on the skirted riverway and between riverways. Characters of the layer relate to the distribution of main sand-body that the better feature of the layer and the bigger thick of sandbody layer. At last, Yan-9 and Yan-10 reservoir of the aimed layer in the studied area are divided into three optimal oil-gas accumulation area that is Ⅰ species optimal area, Ⅱspecies optimal area and Ⅱ species optimal area.Ⅰ species optimal area have Five areas.Ⅱspecies optimal area have three areas. And the rest is Ⅱ species optimal area. Oil area forecasted in the fiveⅠ species optimal area is 21.7km2. Elementary forecasted Possible reserves is 1080×104t
Key words: Geographical Information System（GIS）; hydrocarbon reservoir evaluation; spatial analysis; Spatial Data Mining (SDM); expression of decision-making knowledge
黄铎