>> 王静文，2006，
空间句法理论的三维扩展及其应用研究
摘 要
对城市空间设计诸方法的研究，尤其是发现各种空间秩序与逻辑的方法和技术，历来都是城市设计研究的热点和前沿性课题。现今所应用的各类空间－形态分析方法、生态方法至场所－文脉方法等，分别自不同的视角与着眼点释义城市空间，但在实际操作层面却并不具有对某个具体城市空间形态与结构逻辑分析把握的量化性。值得关注的是，近年所发展起来的空间句法理论提出了一个全新的城市设计与研究的理性方法，它倡导了一种建立在客观分析与实证研究基础上的本体的空间研究理论，可用客观、精确的定量描述方法描述城市与建筑的空间结构模式，进而深入解析城市与建筑的空间本质与功能。这无疑是对传统方法的极大推进与完善。但目前空间句法的分析主要针对空间二维平面，而实际的空间理解与体验应该是三维的，不仅包含二维空间格局的信息，更含廓了三维立体向度的信息；并且现今城市空间三维向度的发展，对城市形态的影响较过往城市发展强烈而不容忽略，空间句法却不能解释空间的这种三维变化。针对此，本文在对句法理论系统分析基础上，重点对空间句法进行了三维扩展，旨在将空间三维向度的信息整合于传统句法之中，发展一种分析城市空间结构的三维新方法，以求全面而深刻的理解与研究城市空间。具体研究内容包括：
- 提出三维空间句法的理论框架。此框架整合了空间句法与城市意象理论，具体包括对空间认知模式与意象本质的阐析以及空间句法与城市意象的结合。本文充分分析论证了空间句法与意象理论相互补充完善与拓展的必要性与可行性，并进一步研究了二者空间元素相互转换的表述。集成意象点的三维句法理论不同于只局限于简化与抽象的二维认知空间的传统句法，它同时还强调三维空间意象点对人们在空间中行为的重要影响，即将句法二维认知空间扩展至广域的三维空间，并且这种集成意象的三维空间句法更为接近于对句法本质之“自然运动”的精确表达与描述。
- 构建三维空间句法的数学模型。在三维空间句法理论框架的基础上研究建立三维空间句法的数学模型，其内容包括描述认知过程中三维空间意象点的形成过程、建立三维空间意象点的客观评价模型，进而构建句法三维扩展的数学模型，并提出加权集成度的概念以进行句法三维扩展的计算。之后本文还进行了句法三维扩展的实证分析实验。实验之一是基于三维城市模型检测空间环境信息，诸如各类意象点如何影响人们的空间行为决策，其结论与实际环境研究结果相一致，皆证明三维句法理论描述的准确性，同时也表明三维城市模型提供给人们极其适合的认知与分析城市的平台与工具。实验之二则侧重于验证所研究的意象评价模型对检测意象点的准确性，结论表明意象评测是非常有效的城市结构分析方法，意象评测模型能够准确地测定空间意象点，结论还证实这种方法完善传统句法不足的是，人们对空间的认知不仅基于运动通道（开空间），同时也参考于建筑（构筑）物功能形式。实验之三计算扩展的三维句法模型，以检测与分析人们的空间行为，从而揭示意象点对人们空间行为的影响程度，结论验证了加权集成度与集成度相比，能更好的描述与预测人们在空间中的行为分布，扩展的三维空间句法模型更接近于人们的空间推理与认知，是对城市空间形态更为精确的描述理解与把握。
- 基于三维空间句法的应用研究。结合国内城市空间规划现状的应用研究是三维空间句法应用价值集中且具体的体现。此研究内容包括二部分：其一，对城市空间进行多维度描述与信息测定，综合包括其形态、功能、社会、感知和时间维度的研究，对每一维度的把握均结合相应应用实例展开并加以详尽的分析论述。结论表明三维空间句法为人们提供了一种切实可行而客观精确的方法来分析与测度城市空间。应用研究其二，将三维空间句法引入实际的坎门镇综合空间设计中，提出基于三维空间句法的城市空间结构优化方法，包括对城市的交通空间、认知空间、土地利用空间及文化空间等的系统检测与优化。此研究结论表明三维空间句法即可给出城市空间结构科学定量的释义分析，也可为城市空间发展的正确导向予以理性依据。
本文对空间句法三维扩展的研究，从句法最本质的空间认知角度将空间三维信息集成至传统句法中，从理论上为传统空间句法提供了一种三维分析的新方法，同时也为分析城市空间结构开拓了一种新思路。基于三维空间句法的具体应用研究实例，对深入分析与研究我国现阶段其它城市空间规划与设计案例具有很好的借鉴意义与参考价值。
关键词： 空间句法，三维，空间认知，城市意象，空间设计，GIS
Abstract
Researches on the approaches to urban design are the hot and forward-position topics for urban studies all through the ages, especially on those approaches and techniques developed to explore the order and logic of urban space. Nowadays some approaches, from space-configuration analysis to ecological analysis to location-context analysis, paraphrase urban space from different perspectives respectively. But from the practical manipulation point of view, any of them cannot analyze and grasp quantificationally the spatial configuration and fabric logic of urban. It is noticed that the theory of space syntax, which is developed lately, brings forward a brand new rational approach for urban design and research, and it inspires a kind of noumenal spatial research theory that is based on the research of objective analysis and demonstration. Space syntax makes use of impersonal, accurate and quantificational approach to depict the spatial configuration pattern of cities and architecture, and further parses deeply the spatial essence and function of cities and architecture. Undoubtedly it advances and perfects the traditional approaches to urban design enormously. However, at present the syntactic analysis aims mainly at the two-dimensional plane of space. The practical apprehension and experience of space of human beings should be three-dimensional, which includes not only the information of two-dimensional spatial pattern, but also that from the three-dimensions. Moreover, compared to the urban development in history, nowadays the three-dimensional development of urban space influences the urban configuration intensively and its effects should not be ignored. Current space syntax fails to express and explain such a three-dimensional change in the space. In terms of this situation, the paper emphasizes on carrying through the three-dimensional extension of space syntax, which aims to integrate the three-dimensional information into traditional space syntax and to develop a new three-dimensional approach to analyze urban space configuration so as to apprehend and study urban space roundly and profoundly. The specific contents in this research are as follows:
- Putting forward a theoretical framework of the three-dimension space syntax
The framework integrates space syntax with the theory of the image of the city. It includes two parts, i.e. the essential elucidation of spatial cognition pattern and image and the integration of space syntax and the image of city. The paper analyzes and demonstrates adequately the prerequisite and feasibility of the mutual complementarity and extension between space syntax and the image of the city. Moreover, the paper discusses the descriptions of mutual conversion between their spatial elements. The three-dimensional space syntax integrated with the image of the city, is different from the traditional syntax, which is only limited to nonfigurative two-dimensional spatial cognition, and it also emphasizes the important influences of the three-dimensional image points on people's behavior in space. Namely, the three-dimensional space syntax extents the two-dimensional spatial cognition of traditional syntax to the generalized three-dimensional one. Furthermore, it is quite close to the accurate description of “natural movement” which is the most basic theory of space syntax.
- Constructing a mathematic model of the three-dimensional syntactic
Based on the three-dimensional theory, a mathematic model of the three-dimensional syntactic is constructed, and its content includes how to describe the forming process of the three-dimensional spatial image pots during the cognition activity, how to construct the objective evaluation model for the three-dimensional image pots and how to put forward the concept of weighted-integration to calculate the mathematic model. In the end, the paper carries out three analysis experiments to demonstrate the three-dimensional extension for space syntax. The first experiment is to test how the spatial information derived from 3D city model (3DCM), such as each image point, influences people's behavioral decision-making in space. The conclusion is the same as the result in the practical environment and it proves the accuracy of the description of the three-dimensional syntactic theory. It also indicates that the 3DCM is a very suitable tool and a platform for people to cognize and analyze urban space. The purpose of the second experiment is to test the power of the proposed image evaluation model in detecting building with high probability of becoming image points. The conclusion indicates that image evaluation is a very effective approach for analyzing urban configuration, and the image evaluation model could mensurate exactly image points in space, and the conclusion also shows that this new approach could consummates the traditional space syntax with the realization of the fact that people's cognition structure is anchored by the three-dimensional spatial information as well as the whole spatial structure. The last experiment is designed to calculate the three-dimensional syntactical model to inspect and analyze people's behavior in urban space, accordingly to explain the influence extent of image points. The conclusion validates that the weighted-integration could describe and forecast the distribution of people's behavior in space better than the concept integration. And the extended three-dimensional syntactical model is much closer to people's spatial illation and cognition. It is more accurate to use the model to describe and grasp the urban configuration.
- The application research based on the three-dimensional space syntax
The efficient way to show the value of the three-dimensional space syntax is to combine the model with the current applications of urban design and urban spatial planning in our country. The application research consists of two parts. The first one is to carry out the multi-dimensional descriptions and information mensuration for urban space. The multiple dimensions involve form, function, society, perception and time dimensions. Corresponded with each dimensional description, individual relevant application examples are given, analyzed and discussed in detail. The conclusion indicates that the three-dimensional space syntax provides people with a feasible and accurate approach to analyze and evaluate urban space. Secondly, the research introduces the three-dimensional syntax to the synthetical spatial design for Kanmen town in China. The approach for optimizing the urban spatial configuration is put forward, based on the three-dimensional syntax. It is used to detect systematically and to optimize urban space from four aspects including traffic space, cognitive space, land use space and culture space. The conclusion shows that the three-dimensional syntax can analyze and paraphrase urban space configuration in a scientific and quantificational way, and it can also endow the correct guide for space development with rational gist.
In a word, the research of the three-dimensional extension on space syntax in this paper integrates the traditional syntax with the three-dimensional spatial information from the most essential spatial cognition of space syntax. It provides a new three-dimensional approach for analyzing urban space. At the same time, it also raises a new idea of analyzing urban configuration. The application research based on the three-dimensional space syntax can be valuable to and referred by other urban spatial study and design cases in current phases in China.Key words:space syntax, three-dimensional, the image of city, urban design, GIS
黄铎